Structure of the Atom: From Ancient Theories to Quantum Discoveries

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International Chemistry Scientist Awards



Atomic structure describes how atoms, the fundamental units of matter, are organized. An atom consists of a small, dense nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. This nucleus carries nearly all the atom’s mass. Surrounding the nucleus is a cloud of negatively charged electrons, which occupy regions called orbitals. These electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells, each with a specific capacity. The number of protons, known as the atomic number, determines the element’s identity and its chemical properties, while the number of neutrons can vary, forming isotopes of the same element. Electrons play a crucial role in chemical bonding, as atoms seek stable configurations by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons. Quantum mechanics governs electron behavior, explaining phenomena like energy quantization and the probabilistic nature of electron locations. Understanding atomic structure is essential for fields such as chemistry, physics, and materials science, as it underlies the behavior of matter and chemical reactions.


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