"s, p, d, f: Decoding the Shapes of Atomic Orbitals"

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International Chemistry Scientist Awards


In atomic theory, orbitals are regions around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are most likely to be found. These regions are defined by quantum mechanical models and are characterized by different shapes and energy levels. The four main types of orbitals—s, p, d, and f—differ in shape and orientation, influencing how atoms bond and interact. Orbitals are fundamental to understanding electron configurations, chemical bonding, and molecular structure.

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